Knowledge Graph

Thinkers (310)

Pre-1900 (128)

• Adam Smith (1723 – 1790 · Scottish)
• Aldous Huxley (1894 – 1963 · British)
• Alexis de Tocqueville (1805 – 1859 · French)
• Alfred Adler (1870 – 1937 · Austrian)
• Anna Akhmatova (1889 – 1966 · Russian)
• Anna Freud (1895 – 1982 · Austrian-British)
• Antonio Gramsci (1891 – 1937 · Italian)
• Arthur Rimbaud (1854 – 1891 · French)
• B. R. Ambedkar (1891 – 1956 · Indian)
• Ben Shahn (1898 – 1969 · American (Lithuanian-born))
• Béla Bartók (1881 – 1945 · Hungarian)
• Carl Gustav Jung (1875 – 1961 · Swiss)
• Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882 · English)
• Charles Dickens (1812 – 1870 · English)
• Charles Sanders Peirce (1839 – 1914 · American)
• Confucius (-551 – -479 · Chinese (Zhou))
• D. W. Winnicott (1896 – 1971 · English)
• David Hume (1711 – 1776 · Scottish)
• David Ricardo (1772 – 1823 · English)
• Diego Rivera (1886 – 1957 · Mexican)
• Dorothea Lange (1895 – 1965 · American)
• Dorothy Day (1897 – 1980 · American)
• Duke Ellington (1899 – 1974 · American)
• Edmund Burke (1729 – 1797 · Irish / British)
• Emanuel Swedenborg (1688 – 1772 · Swedish)
• Emily Dickinson (1830 – 1886 · American)
• Ernest Hemingway (1899 – 1961 · American)
• Eugene V. Debs (1855 – 1926 · American)
• Ezra Pound (1885 – 1972 · American)
• F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896 – 1940 · American)
• F.R. Leavis (1895 – 1978 · English)
• Federico García Lorca (1898 – 1936 · Spanish)
• Frank Lloyd Wright (1867 – 1959 · American)
• Franz Kafka (1883 – 1924 · Czech-Austrian (German-language))
• Frederick Douglass (1818 – 1895 · American)
• Friedrich A. Hayek (1899 – 1992 · Austrian-British)
• Friedrich Engels (1820 – 1895 · Prussian / German)
• Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 – 1900 · German)
• Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821 – 1881 · Russian)
• G. W. F. Hegel (1770 – 1831 · German)
• Gabriel Rockhill (20th–21st century · American)
• George Eliot (1819 – 1880 · English)
• Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844 – 1889 · English)
• György Lukács (1885 – 1971 · Hungarian)
• H. Richard Niebuhr (1894 – 1962 · American)
• Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896 · American)
• Harriet Taylor Mill (1807 – 1858 · British)
• Harry Stack Sullivan (1892 – 1949 · American)
• Henry David Thoreau (1817 – 1862 · American)
• Herbert Marcuse (1898 – 1979 · German-American)
• Herman Melville (1819 – 1891 · American)
• Howard Thurman (1899 – 1981 · American)
• Ibn Khaldun (1332 – 1406 · Tunisian (Maghrebi))
• Ida B. Wells (1862 – 1931 · American)
• Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804 · Prussian)
• Jacques Maritain (1882 – 1973 · French)
• James Joyce (1882 – 1941 · Irish)
• Jane Addams (1860 – 1935 · American)
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778 · Genevan / French)
• Jennifer Pahlka (20th–21st century · American)
• Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832 · English)
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 – 1832 · German)
• John Dewey (1859 – 1952 · American)
• John Locke (1632 – 1704 · English)
• John Maynard Keynes (1883 – 1946 · English)
• John Milton (1608 – 1674 · English)
• John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873 · British)
• Jorge Luis Borges (1899 – 1986 · Argentine)
• Josef Albers (1888 – 1976 · German-American)
• José Carlos Mariátegui (1894 – 1930 · Peruvian)
• Karen Horney (1885 – 1952 · German-American)
• Karl Marx (1818 – 1883 · Prussian / German)
• Karl Polanyi (1886 – 1964 · Hungarian-British)
• Käthe Kollwitz (1867 – 1945 · German)
• Laozi (Ancient · Chinese (Zhou))
• Le Corbusier (1887 – 1965 · Swiss-French)
• Lead Belly (1888 – 1949 · American)
• Leo Strauss (1899 – 1973 · German-American)
• Leo Tolstoy (1828 – 1910 · Russian)
• Lewis Mumford (1895 – 1990 · American)
• László Moholy-Nagy (1895 – 1946 · Hungarian-American)
• Mao Zedong (1893 – 1976 · Chinese)
• Marcel Proust (1871 – 1922 · French)
• Marianne Moore (1887 – 1972 · American)
• Mark Twain (1835 – 1910 · American)
• Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 – 1797 · English)
• Matthew Arnold (1822 – 1888 · English)
• Max Weber (1864 – 1920 · German)
• Melanie Klein (1882 – 1960 · Austrian-British)
• Miguel de Unamuno (1864 – 1936 · Spanish (Basque))
• Mississippi John Hurt (1893 – 1966 · American)
• Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869 – 1948 · Indian)
• Montesquieu (1689 – 1755 · French)
• Pablo Picasso (1881 – 1973 · Spanish)
• Paul Klee (1879 – 1940 · Swiss-German)
• Paul Tillich (1886 – 1965 · German-American)
• R. Buckminster Fuller (1895 – 1983 · American)
• Rabindranath Tagore (1861 – 1941 · Indian (Bengali))
• Rainer Maria Rilke (1875 – 1926 · Austrian (Bohemian-born))
• Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 – 1882 · American)
• Reinhold Niebuhr (1892 – 1971 · American)
• Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939 · Austrian)
• Søren Kierkegaard (1813 – 1855 · Danish)
• T. S. Eliot (1888 – 1965 · American-British)
• Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679 · English)
• Thomas Jefferson (1743 – 1826 · American)
• Thomas Mann (1875 – 1955 · German)
• Thomas Paine (1737 – 1809 · English / American)
• Thorstein Veblen (1857 – 1929 · American)
• Upton Sinclair (1878 – 1968 · American)
• V. I. Lenin (1870 – 1924 · Russian)
• Virginia Woolf (1882 – 1941 · British)
• W. B. Yeats (1865 – 1939 · Irish)
• W.E.B. Du Bois (1868 – 1963 · American)
• Wallace Stevens (1879 – 1955 · American)
• Walt Whitman (1819 – 1892 · American)
• Walter Benjamin (1892 – 1940 · German-Jewish)
• Walter Gropius (1883 – 1969 · German-American)
• Walter Rauschenbusch (1861 – 1918 · American)
• Wassily Kandinsky (1866 – 1944 · Russian / German / French)
• William Blake (1757 – 1827 · English)
• William Carlos Williams (1883 – 1963 · American)
• William Faulkner (1897 – 1962 · American)
• William James (1842 – 1910 · American)
• William Morris (1834 – 1896 · English)
• Zhuangzi (-369 – -286 · Chinese (Warring States))
• Zora Neale Hurston (1891 – 1960 · American)
• Émile Durkheim (1858 – 1917 · French)

1900–1945 (143)

• Abraham Joshua Heschel (1907 – 1972 · Polish-American)
• Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970 · American)
• Adrienne Rich (1929 – 2012 · American)
• Aimé Césaire (1913 – 2008 · Martinican (French))
• Alain Badiou (1937 – ? · French)
• Alan Lomax (1915 – 2002 · American)
• Alasdair MacIntyre (1929 – ? · Scottish-American)
• Albert Camus (1913 – 1960 · French Algerian)
• Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918 – 2008 · Russian)
• Ali Shariati (1933 – 1977 · Iranian)
• Allen Ginsberg (1926 – 1997 · American)
• Amartya Sen (1933 – ? · Indian)
• Andrei Tarkovsky (1932 – 1986 · Russian)
• Angela Davis (1944 – ? · American)
• Anne Sexton (1928 – 1974 · American)
• Antonio Negri (1933 – 2023 · Italian)
• Audre Lorde (1934 – 1992 · American)
• Barbara Ehrenreich (1941 – 2022 · American)
• Bernard Williams (1929 – 2003 · British)
• Bob Dylan (1941 – ? · American)
• C.P. Snow (1905 – 1980 · English)
• Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987 · American)
• Carson McCullers (1917 – 1967 · American)
• Cedric Robinson (1940 – 2016 · American)
• Charles Taylor (1931 – ? · Canadian)
• Chinua Achebe (1930 – 2013 · Nigerian)
• Christopher Alexander (1936 – 2022 · British-American (Austrian-born))
• Daniel Kahneman (1934 – 2024 · Israeli-American)
• David Harvey (1935 – ? · British)
• Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906 – 1945 · German)
• Doris Lessing (1919 – 2013 · British (Rhodesian-raised, Iranian-born))
• E.P. Thompson (1924 – 1993 · English)
• Eduardo Galeano (1940 – 2015 · Uruguayan)
• Edward Said (1935 – 2003 · Palestinian-American)
• Elizabeth Bishop (1911 – 1979 · American)
• Eric Hobsbawm (1917 – 2012 · British (Austrian-born))
• Erich Fromm (1900 – 1980 · German-American)
• Erik H. Erikson (1902 – 1994 · German-American)
• Flannery O'Connor (1925 – 1964 · American)
• Frantz Fanon (1925 – 1961 · Martinican / Algerian)
• Fredric Jameson (1934 – 2024 · American)
• Frida Kahlo (1907 – 1954 · Mexican)
• G.A. Cohen (1941 – 2009 · Canadian-British)
• Gabriel García Márquez (1927 – 2014 · Colombian)
• George Orwell (1903 – 1950 · British)
• Gordon Parks (1912 – 2006 · American)
• Grace Paley (1922 – 2007 · American)
• Gustavo Gutiérrez (1928 – 2024 · Peruvian)
• Gwendolyn Brooks (1917 – 2000 · American)
• Hannah Arendt (1906 – 1975 · German-American)
• Hans Küng (1928 – 2021 · Swiss)
• Harry Smith (1923 – 1991 · American)
• Harvey Cox (1929 – ? · American)
• Herbert A. Simon (1916 – 2001 · American)
• Hyman Minsky (1919 – 1996 · American)
• Ingmar Bergman (1918 – 2007 · Swedish)
• Iris Murdoch (1919 – 1999 · British (Irish-born))
• Isaiah Berlin (1909 – 1997 · Russian-British)
• J. M. Coetzee (1940 – ? · South African / Australian)
• Jack Kerouac (1922 – 1969 · American)
• Jacob Lawrence (1917 – 2000 · American)
• Jacques Lacan (1901 – 1981 · French)
• Jacques Rancière (1940 – ? · French)
• James Baldwin (1924 – 1987 · American)
• James H. Cone (1938 – 2018 · American)
• Jane Jacobs (1916 – 2006 · American-Canadian)
• Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 – 1980 · French)
• Jerome Bruner (1915 – 2016 · American)
• Joan Didion (1934 – 2021 · American)
• Joan Robinson (1903 – 1983 · British)
• John Berryman (1914 – 1972 · American)
• John Kenneth Galbraith (1908 – 2006 · Canadian-American)
• John Rawls (1921 – 2002 · American)
• John Steinbeck (1902 – 1968 · American)
• Jonathan Kozol (1936 – ? · American)
• Joseph Stiglitz (1943 – ? · American)
• Jürgen Habermas (1929 – ? · German)
• Karl Popper (1902 – 1994 · Austrian-British)
• Langston Hughes (1902 – 1967 · American)
• Lawrence Ferlinghetti (1919 – 2021 · American)
• Lina Bo Bardi (1914 – 1992 · Italian-Brazilian)
• Louis Althusser (1918 – 1990 · French)
• Mahmoud Darwish (1941 – 2008 · Palestinian)
• Marie-Louise von Franz (1915 – 1998 · Swiss)
• Marilynne Robinson (1943 – ? · American)
• Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929 – 1968 · American)
• Mary Midgley (1919 – 2018 · British)
• Michael Oakeshott (1901 – 1990 · English)
• Michael Walzer (1935 – ? · American)
• Michel Foucault (1926 – 1984 · French)
• Milton Friedman (1912 – 2006 · American)
• Nadine Gordimer (1923 – 2014 · South African)
• Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (1938 – ? · Kenyan)
• Ousmane Sembène (1923 – 2007 · Senegalese)
• Pablo Neruda (1904 – 1973 · Chilean)
• Pauli Murray (1910 – 1985 · American)
• Paulo Freire (1921 – 1997 · Brazilian)
• Perry Anderson (1938 – ? · British)
• Pier Paolo Pasolini (1922 – 1975 · Italian)
• R. D. Laing (1927 – 1989 · Scottish)
• Rachel Carson (1907 – 1964 · American)
• Ralph Ellison (1913 – 1994 · American)
• Raymond Williams (1921 – 1988 · Welsh)
• Richard Hofstadter (1916 – 1970 · American)
• Richard Hoggart (1918 – 2014 · English)
• Richard Rorty (1931 – 2007 · American)
• Richard Wright (1908 – 1960 · American)
• Robert Coles (1929 – ? · American)
• Robert Hayden (1913 – 1980 · American)
• Robert Lowell (1917 – 1977 · American)
• Robert Nozick (1938 – 2002 · American)
• Robert Putnam (1941 – ? · American)
• Robertson Davies (1913 – 1995 · Canadian)
• Roland Barthes (1915 – 1980 · French)
• Rollo May (1909 – 1994 · American)
• Romare Bearden (1911 – 1988 · American)
• Ronald Dworkin (1931 – 2013 · American)
• Russell Jacoby (1945 – ? · American)
• Samuel Beckett (1906 – 1989 · Irish)
• Satyajit Ray (1921 – 1992 · Indian)
• Saul Bellow (1915 – 2005 · American (Canadian-born))
• Seamus Heaney (1939 – 2013 · Irish)
• Shūsaku Endō (1923 – 1996 · Japanese)
• Simone Weil (1909 – 1943 · French)
• Simone de Beauvoir (1908 – 1986 · French)
• Stuart Hall (1932 – 2014 · Jamaican-British)
• Susan Sontag (1933 – 2004 · American)
• Sylvia Plath (1932 – 1963 · American)
• Terry Eagleton (1943 – ? · English (Irish Catholic heritage))
• Theodor Adorno (1903 – 1969 · German)
• Thomas Merton (1915 – 1968 · American (French-born))
• Toni Morrison (1931 – 2019 · American)
• Ursula K. Le Guin (1929 – 2018 · American)
• Viktor Frankl (1905 – 1997 · Austrian)
• Václav Havel (1936 – 2011 · Czech)
• W. H. Auden (1907 – 1973 · English-American)
• Walker Evans (1903 – 1975 · American)
• Walker Percy (1916 – 1990 · American)
• Wendell Berry (1934 – ? · American)
• Wole Soyinka (1934 – ? · Nigerian)
• Woody Guthrie (1912 – 1967 · American)
• Étienne Balibar (1942 – ? · French)
• Óscar Romero (1917 – 1980 · Salvadoran)

1946 onward (39)

• Adam Tooze (1967 – ? · British)
• Ai Weiwei (1957 – ? · Chinese)
• Anand Giridharadas (1981 – ? · American)
• Andreas Malm (1977 – ? · Swedish)
• Arundhati Roy (1961 – ? · Indian)
• Branko Milanović (1953 – ? · Serbian-American)
• Bryan Stevenson (1959 – ? · American)
• Cornel West (1953 – ? · American)
• Cory Doctorow (1971 – ? · Canadian-British)
• Daron Acemoglu (1967 – ? · Turkish-American)
• Elizabeth Anderson (1959 – ? · American)
• Fintan O'Toole (1958 – ? · Irish)
• George Monbiot (1963 – ? · British)
• George Saunders (1958 – ? · American)
• Iris Marion Young (1949 – 2006 · American)
• Isabel Wilkerson (1961 – ? · American)
• Jacob Hacker (1971 – ? · American)
• James Forman Jr. (1967 – ? · American)
• Jelani Cobb (1969 – ? · American)
• Jill Lepore (1966 – ? · American)
• Mariana Mazzucato (1968 – ? · Italian-American)
• Martha Nussbaum (1947 – ? · American)
• Matthew Desmond (1979 – ? · American)
• Michael Hardt (1960 – ? · American)
• Michael Sandel (1953 – ? · American)
• Michelle Alexander (1967 – ? · American)
• Naomi Klein (1970 – ? · Canadian)
• Omar El Akkad (1982 – ? · Egyptian-Canadian)
• Patti Smith (1946 – ? · American)
• Paul Krugman (1953 – ? · American)
• Paul Pierson (1959 – ? · American)
• Peter Singer (1946 – ? · Australian)
• Robert Reich (1946 – ? · American)
• Shoshana Zuboff (1951 – ? · American)
• Spike Lee (1957 – ? · American)
• Ta-Nehisi Coates (1975 – ? · American)
• Thomas Piketty (1971 – ? · French)
• Tim Wu (1972 – ? · American)
• bell hooks (1952 – 2021 · American)

Schools & Movements (14)

• Classical Liberalism (18th–19th century)
• Conservatism (18th century–present)
• Critical Theory (20th century–present)
• Cultural Studies (20th century–present)
• Existentialism (19th–20th century)
• Liberation Theology (mid-20th century–present)
• Libertarianism (20th–21st century)
• Marxism (19th century–present)
• Neoliberalism (late 20th century–present)
• New Left Review (20th century–present)
• Social Gospel (late 19th–early 20th century)
• The Frankfurt School (20th century)
• The New Left (20th century (1956–c. 1980))
• Utilitarianism (18th century–present)

Concepts (24)

• Alienation (19th century–present)
• Beloved Community (20th century)
• Caste (ancient–contemporary)
• Colonialism (15th–20th century)
• Feminism (18th–21st century)
• Ideology (18th century–present)
• Inequality (ancient–contemporary)
• Intersectionality (late 20th century)
• Mass Incarceration (late 20th–21st century)
• Natural Rights (17th century–present)
• Negative Liberty (20th century)
• Nonviolence (ancient–contemporary)
• Patriarchy (20th century (as analytical term))
• Political Economy (18th century–present)
• Positive Liberty (20th century)
• Poverty (ancient–contemporary)
• Racial Capitalism (late 20th–21st century (as analytical term))
• Racism (modern (16th century–present))
• Republicanism (antiquity–present (as tradition); 20th-century revival)
• Sexism (20th century (as analytical term))
• Sovereignty (16th century–present)
• The Harm Principle (19th century)
• The Social Contract (17th century–present)
• The Welfare State (20th century)

Topics (20)

• Art and Political Commitment (20th–21st century)
• Disenchantment and Re-enchantment (19th–21st century)
• Documentary Photography and Social Change (1930s–present)
• East/West (19th–21st century)
• Faith and the Modern World (19th–21st century)
• Filmmaking in the 1960s and 1970s (1958–1980)
• Jim Crow (1877–1965)
• Justice as Fairness (17th century–present)
• Origins of the 1960s Counterculture (1940s–1960s)
• Poverty in America (19th century–present)
• Social/Political Theory and Neurodiversity (late 20th–21st century)
• State Capacity and Technology (1980s–present)
• The American Essay (19th–21st century)
• The Bauhaus and Its Legacy (1919–1933 and after)
• The City (19th–21st century)
• The Prison-Industrial Complex (1970s–present)
• The Therapeutic Tradition (late 19th–21st century)
• The Welfare State Under Pressure (1940s–present)
• Western Marxism (20th century–present)
• White Supremacy (modern (17th century–present))

Events (3)

• Civil Rights Movement (1954–1968 (classic phase))
• The French Revolution (1789–1799)
• The Industrial Revolution (c. 1760–1840)